Essential Qualities

The Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) developed a theoretical framework

consisting of three essential qualities that universally designed instruction should have:

multiple means of representation, multiple means of engagement, and multiple means of

expression.

1. The instruction utilizes multiple means of representation .

Information is represented in multiple formats and media.

Examples:

Chalkboard

Powerpoint presentations

Overhead transparencies

Models

Simulations

Assignments in written form and posted on course website

Accessible electronic materials

Lecture outlines or notes distributed in class and/or posted on course website

Study guides

Summary of major concepts

2. The instruction utilizes multiple means of engagement .

There are multiple ways of engaging students' interests and motivations.

Examples:

Variety of assignments (e.g., readings, group projects, tutorials, web searches)

Small group discussions, whole-class discussions, lectures, etc.

Teaching of explicit strategies to learn the material

3. The instruction utilizes multiple means of expression .

Students are able to demonstrate knowledge through multiple pathways.

Examples:

Variety of graded exercises (e.g., papers, examinations, homework, presentations)

Multiple formats on examinations (e.g., essay, short answer, oral)

Choices in graded exercises (e.g., final exam or final paper)

Sufficient time on examinations

Use of word processing, spell check, and grammar check

Sources:

Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST)

Curriculum Transformation and Disability (CTAD)